⊙ 河南省郸城县第一高级中学 刘同功
在2006年高考阅卷过程中，笔者发现，考生英语写作存在大量共性问题，以下是对这些共性问题做的分析，希望同学们在平时的英语写作中对所出现的问题能进行有针对性地练习，以提高写作水平。
以2006年的高考英语写作（全国卷Ⅰ）为例，要求写一篇书信形式的说明文，考生根据图示介绍一下自己学校图书馆的有关情况。考生在试卷中出现的普遍问题如下：
■ 一 近义词、相形词的错用
1. 近义词错用
“到图书馆借书”写成lend books，混淆了lend和borrow的用法，lend为借出，borrow为借入。应改为borrow books from the library；
受母语影响，把看书写成look books，see books或watch books，应为read books。
2. 相形词错用
把一些拼写相近的词混用。例如把“环境安静”写成a quite（应为quiet） environment ; “穿过公园”写成 though（应为through） the park; “除了星期日”写成expect （应为except）Sunday。
■ 二 冠词及单复数概念模糊
1. You can read newspaper, magazine, and story books in our library. （×）
2. One/each/every people can borrow five books once. （×）
3. It gives us many knowledges. （×）
应改为：
1. You can read newspapers, magazines and story books in our library.（√）
2. Every person/student can borrow five books each time.（√）
3. It gives us much knowledge.（√）
■ 三 词性混用
1. It’s rounded by many green trees.
（形容词错用为动词）
2. The library’s round has many green trees ····
（形容词错用为名词）
3. When you across the garden, ····
（介词错用为动词）
可改为：
1. There are many green trees around it或Around it are many green trees.
2. The library is surrounded by many green trees.
3. When you walk/go through the garden, ····
■ 四 使用的短语中多出现介词错误，或结构不完整
1. “在周末”（at the weekend/at weekends/on weekends）写成in/on the weekend
2. “在…前面”（in front of）写成In/on the front of the library
3. “许多树”（a lot of/lots of trees） 写成 a lots of trees
4. “各种各样的书”（a variety of /varieties of/various books）写成variety of books, a various of books
5. “简而言之”（in short）写成了In a short
6. “与此同时”（at the same time）写成 in the same time
7. “我盼望你的回信” （I’m looking forward to your letter.）写成I’m looking forward your letter.
■ 五 句子中构成谓语的动词形式错误（此类被视为低级语法错误，也往往被作为评分档次的重要依据）
1. We can reading newspapers.
（画线部分应改为read）
2. I can heard birds singing.
（画线部分应改为hear）
3. So people can sit there to reading.
（画线部分应改为read）
4. I think you must be like our library too.
（画线部分应去掉be）
■ 六 缺乏时态概念，不能准确把握动词特征，如及物动词和不及物动词，短暂性动词和延续性动词
1. The library is open at 9:00 in the morning.
（画线部分应改为opens，用动词表动作）
2. It’s opened from 9:00 in the morning to 7:00 in the afternoon. （画线部分应改为open，用形容词表状态的持续）
3. Our library is built between the park and the teaching building. （画线部分应改为过去时was built 或用lies/is located，表 build动作已完成）
4. You can borrow five books for ten days. （画线部分应改为keep，borrow是短暂性动词，不能与for引导的时间短语连用）
5. You must return in ten days. （应在return后加宾语them, return做不及物动词意思是“回来”，用做“归还”时是及物动词）
6. You must return them back in ten days. （应去掉back, return相当于come back,不能再和back连用）
■ 七 代词使用错误：单复数与所替代的名词不一致，或主宾格错误
1. You can only borrow five books and keep it for ten days at most 。
（画线部分应用them替代books）
2. It’s easy for our to study and work there.
（our应改为us，放在介词for 后）
■ 八 受母语思维方式的影响，汉语式直译现象普遍，多是用词堆句
1. I receive your letter is very happy. （×）
应改为：I am very happy to have received your letter.
2. Its behind is our classroom; around the library have many trees. （×）
应改为：Behind it is our classroom, and around the library are many trees.
3. It around have lots of trees and flowers. （×）
应改为：Around it are lots of trees and flowers.
或 It has lots of trees and flowers around it.
4. In the library has tables and chairs, there is quiet. （×）
应改为：There are tables and chairs in the library. It’s quiet there.
5. Everyday has many people come to look books. （×）
应改为：Everyday many people come to read books.
6. You at most borrow five books once. （×）
应改为：You can borrow five books at most each time.
7. 5:00 in the morning is the open time,and 7:00 in the afternoon is the close time. （×）
应改为：It opens at 5：00 in the morning and closes at 7：00 in the afternoon.
8. From am 9 to pm 7 is open, the weekend is closed. （×）
应改为：It’s open from 9 am to 7 pm, and is closed at the weekend.
9. I’ m very like my school building.（×）
应改为：I like my school building very much.
■ 九 结尾语随意性强,以中文书信的习惯写英文
1. Just write here, bye-bye.
2. That’s all, I must stop writing now.
3. The day is late，I must go to sleep now. I wish you have a good night。
4. Oh, I forget the time, just speak here.
其实在一般英文书信中，人们更常用表示希望，祝愿和期盼的话来做结尾语。如：
1. Looking forward to an early reply.
2. Hoping to hear from you at an early date./Hoping you will be able to come, I am./Hoping you are enjoying good health.
3. With best wishes to your family./With kind regards to your parents.
4. Wishing you every success.
5. Please remember me to your father.
6. Give my love to the children.
■ 十 书写不规范，字迹潦草，随意涂改，甚至在行文中加入汉语拼音，都是影响得分的因素
以上种种问题，归结于考生对基础知识掌握不牢固，词汇量，基础语法水平欠缺。加之平时练习中只看重单选，疏于动笔，课外阅读量小，从而缺少对英语基本句型的掌握，无法形成对英语语言的语感。为此，笔者提出如下建议：
1. 加强对常见单词、短语的识记，尤其是常用不规则动词的变化形式。记忆单词时，务必做到眼、口、手并用,注意细微之处。
2. 注意对语感的培养。时态和冠词是学生最易出错的两个方面，可通过强化练习或阅读来增强学生对冠词及时态的感悟能力。
3. 加强翻译训练,增强学生对句子的组织能力，特别是对基本句型的训练,如主系表结构、主谓宾结构、there be 句型、倒装句、感叹句等。同学们在训练中译英能力的过程中,可以试着用多种方法，多种句型或词语翻译一个意思。尽量做到主动语态与被动语态，简单句与并列句，简单句与复合句，复合句与复合句之间的转换以及词性的转换。
4. 写作水平比较差的同学，可以根据高考中不同体裁的文章，背一些可以套用的句子,做一些替换词的训练，并注意时态和语态的变化。
5. 每周应坚持写1~2篇作文，注意不同的文体。既要注重谴词造句，又要注重谋篇，正确运用连词和短语。
6. 多阅读英语文章，锤炼语感，只有首先做到朗朗上口，提笔写作时才能得心应手。
7. 卷面是否整洁，字迹是否工整，也是老师评卷过程中考虑是否给分的地方。这就要求同学们在平时的练习中就要做到从小处着手，从标点符号、大小写到词间距、行间距入手，尽量注意做到卷面整洁，字体优美，避免乱涂乱改，以减少不必要的失分。
附2006高考英语（全国卷Ⅰ）写作范文
June 8
Dear Bob,
Thank you for your last letter asking about our library.
Our library is in the center of the school. There is a beautiful garden in front of it and our classroom building is right behind it. The library is big. When you get inside, you will see many shelves full of books on different subjects. There are also lots of newspapers and magazines. We borrow books and do some reading in the library. According to the rule, every student can borrow up to 5 books each time and keep them for 10 days. It is open from 9 am to 7 pm from Monday to Friday and closed on weekends.
We all like our library very much.
Best wishes,
Li Hua
