精品学习方法网--精品学习方法网 >> 加大阅读强度重视解题技巧

    这次要与各位同学讨论阅读能力的训练和考核。
    阅读要做到又快又好，首先你的词汇量要大且扎实，同时你要善于分析句子，尤其是结构复杂的长句。接下来，你需要了解“阅读试题”的考核点（testing point）。与此同时，是经常性的实践——精读和泛读。请记住，按新课程标准要求，从小读英语，读到高三，累计阅读文字（课本不算，指课外阅读）材料要达到30万。一般课文长度每篇不过300~400个字。以300字一篇计，课外阅读总量为100篇。
    先讲一讲考核点，英语阅读试题有10个考核点。它们是：考察细节——考核中心思想——考核生词（高考词汇表以外的）——考核代词指代对象——考核对作者立场的了解——考核文中内容的确认——考核上下文的联系——考核推论能力——考核文字结构分析——考核全文作用的认识。其中对“推论能力”的考核难度最大，要求你读出言外之意，弦外之音!这一点，没有对全文的深入理解，是做不到的。
    下面我们解剖一篇短文：
    Shopping is a revealing, entertaining and yet frequently overlooked part of travel. Guide books devote pages to hotels, historical buildings and art galleries but barely mention the fantastic specialist shops. Why not? Set up to meet the needs and desires of a particular community, they take you right to the heart of a place, into the living culture that is so interesting to come across and yet often so hard to find.
    In the same way that you might seek out a good restaurant or museum, all the specialist shops in this book are worth revising your original route. You can join the Parisians who queue for the world-famous bread at Poilane’s; stroll with an ice-cream at midnight in Rome; or have a look at Smith’s, the excellent umbrella shop in London. At Gelbe Musik, Berlin, you can drop by for old and new sounds. Specialist shops are open doorways to tempting new worlds.
    What goes on behind the counters is often energetic. A shop may keep an old fashioned appearance and sense of personal service, but you soon learn that it only survives through devotion and by never ceasing to change. Their future sometimes hangs by the fine thread of an individual’s commitment or a family’s sense of tradition. Some of the shop keepers have given up other careers to follow their parents. Will another generation so dutiful?
    We have a part to play, too, in the survival of these exceptional “trading places”. As consumers, we can vote with our cash to enjoy, and, support the best.
    They offer you export knowledge, best quality and uniqueness of a thing of its kind, just a step off the street.
    1. What kind of a book this preface isn’t introducing?
    A. A Guide to Tourist Attractions
    B. A Guide to Museums
    C. A Guide to Shopping Centers
    D. A guide to Specialist Shops
    由“barely mention the fantastic specialist shops”可知答案。
    2. Judging from the examples presented in the passage, you can find the following shops in the book except one. That is _____.
    A. Bakery       B. Tea Shop （Coffee House）
    C. CD’s Shop   D. Restaurant
    参第二段第一句话。
    3. Most of the shop owners in this book are running their shop for seemingly a common purpose. That is _______.
    A. to make maximum profits
    B. to maintain a family tradition
    C. to refine a special goods
    D. to satisfy particular customers.
    参第三段画线部分。
    4. The concluding paragraph contains an understatement to _____.
    A. encourage you to buy
    B. do window shopping
    C. pick up a bargain there
    D. satisfy your curiosity as a tourist
    参倒数第二段画线部分。
    5. For whom the book is written for?
    A. Bargain hunters
    B. international tourists
    C. Investors
    D. Average Customers
    参文中画线部分最后一段。
    短文后附上5个问题。题1问该前沿介绍的是什么书，考核点为中心思想。题2问哪类商店没有提及，考核点为细节确认。题3系推论题。题4系推论题。题5系内容确认。
    标准答案为D-D-B-A-B。
    接下来再讲一讲句子分析，各位同学，做句子分析要有个前提，即你对于各句子成分（sentence elements）的定义，都搞清楚了。什么叫“主语”，什么是“谓语”，“谓语动词”指什么……当然，也要极其熟悉“基本句子结构”。
    例一（选自2005上海卷，阅读D）：
    Regional or national advertising（S） that might be financially impossible for a franchisor with 20 franchises（Attributive Clause） could be （LV） profitable（C） for one with 40（A）.
    S部分是主语，LV部分是系动词（有情态动词could），C部分是表语，A部分是状语；Attributive Clause部分指定语从句，修饰主语。
    句子成分分清后，先读懂“对于一个拥有40家代理店（franchise）的特许经营总店（franchisor），地区性和全国性的广告活动可能赢利（profitable）。
    然后把定语从句添上去，全句就清楚了：对于拥有20家代理店的特许经营总店，地区性和全国性的广告活动在获取资金方面是不太可能的，但对于一个拥有40家代理店的特许经营总店（for one with 40），则可能赢利。本句还有个难点，即末了第3个字“one”，它是不定代词，代“franchisor”。
    例二（选自2004上海卷，阅读“D”）
    Whatever humans need（S） will one day be built（V） cheaply with microscopic self-replicating machines（A）（微型自我复制机） that put atoms together to create copies of anything alive in the world - from trees to human bodies（Attributive Clause）.
    这个长句用句子成分一标示，就成了:
    S有朝一日可以用A很便宜地制造出来。
    S=人类所需的一切 A=微型自我复制机。
    至此，考生已读懂前半句：人类所需的一切有朝一日可以用微型自我复制机，很便宜地复制出来。然后把定语从句译出：把原子组合起来复制世上所有活的东西——从树到人体，全句意译：“人类所需的一切有朝一日可以用微型自我复制机，很便宜地复制出来。该机能把原子组合起来复制出世上所有活的东西——从树到人体。”
    小结一下：句子再长，再庞大，归根到底属于基本句子类型S+Vt+O， S+Vi+A, S+Link V+C…全句即可读通。
    各位同学可以利用专业出版社相当于高中水平的课外读物或阅读训练专项练习册，应用本文介绍的方法，加以实践。
    另外还要提醒一下，阅读文章里有许多派生词，一般都不作注释，所以，第一例中franchisor及franchise都是高考词汇表上不列出的生词，都不加注释，理由是，前文中的franchising注释为“特许经营”。像第二例中replicating注释为“复制”，下文中replicate就不注释了。同时，加前缀后缀构成的新词，一律不加注释。所以考生在复习词汇时，务必复习主要前缀后缀表。
    对付阅读试题，也该通读，读通，及“蒙”。笔者主张，区别对待。即，应用文可以利用“浏览”“跳读”技巧，但最难的“D”篇，一定要当“精读”来处理，而且，极力做到读两遍（以上）。
    可参考课外阅读书：上海外语教育出版社《高中英语活页文选》ABC各辑、《高中英语阅读》、《高考英语能力突破——阅读》、《万花筒系列读物》和《英语新概念阅读》等。

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    2006上海卷阅读D：
    The “Bystander Apathy Effect” was first studied by researchers in New York after neighbours ignored-and in some cases turned up the volume on their TVs-the cries of a woman as she was murdered （over a half-hour period）. With regard to helping those in difficulty generally, they found that:
    （1）women are helped more than men;
    （2）men help more than women;
    （3）attractive women are helped more than un-
attractive women.
    Other factors relate to the number of people in the area, whether the person is thought to be in trouble through their own fault, and whether a person sees himself as being able to help.
    According to Adrian Furnham, Professor of University College, London, there are three reasons why we tend to stand by doing nothing:
    （1）“Shifting of responsibility”-the more people there are, the less likely help is to be given. Each person excuses himself by thinking someone else will help, so that the more “other people” there are, the greater the total shifting of responsibility.
    （2）“Fear of making a mistake” -situations are often not clear. People think that those involved in an accident may know each other or it may be a joke, so a fear of embarrassment makes them keep themselves to themselves.
    （3）“Fear of the consequences if attention is turned on you, and the person is violent.”
    Laurie Taylor, Professor of Sociology at London University, says，“In the experiments I’ve seen on intervention （介入）, much depends on the neighborhood or setting. There is a silence on public transport which is hard to break. We are embarrassed to draw attention to something that is happening, while in a football match, people get involved, and a fight would easily follow. ”
    Psychotherapist Alan Dupuy identifies the importance of the individual，“The British as a whole have some difficulty intervening, but there are exceptional individuals in every group who are prepared to intervene, regardless of their own safety. These would be people with a strong moral code or religious ideals.”
    76. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
    A. Pretty women are more likely to be helped.
    B. People on a bus are more likely to stop a crime.
    C. Religious people are more likely to look on.
    D. Criminals are more likely to harm women.
    77. Which factor is NOT related with interven-
tion according to the passage?
    A. Sex.             B. Nationality.
    C. Profession.          D. Setting.
    78. Which phenomenon can be described as the “Bystander Apathy Effect”?
    A. When one is in trouble, people think it’s his own fault.
    B. In a football match, people get involved in a fight.
    C. Seeing a murder, people feel sorry that it should have happened.
    D. On hearing a cry for help, people keep themselves to themselves.
    79. The author wrote this article ______.
    A. to explain why bystanders behave as they do
    B. to urge people to stand out when in need
    C. to criticize the selfishness of bystanders
    D. to analyze the weakness of human nature
    本文分析介绍了为什么当今社会，挺身而出帮助他人的人少，而更多的是袖手旁观的人。
    76. 从第一段中的（1）~（3）三点中的第一点，不难推断出A是正确的。
    77. 答案集中在B、C，其实nationality在文章中是谈到的，“The British as a whole have some difficulty intervening”，所以只有“职业”这点没有谈及，故选C。
    78. 通读全文，不难发现“Bystander Apathy Effect”其实就是一种袖手旁观的冷漠。旁观者都等着周围的其他人出手相救而抑制自己，故选D。
    79. 文章主要是解释“Bystander Apathy Effect”现象，分析其产生的原因，故选A。